The Territorial Disputes of the Border Tusi of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty and the Coping Strategies of the Ming Government
In the early Ming dynasty,many Tusi offices were set up in the southwest frontier region,forming a pattern of"Three Xuan Offices and Six Wei Offices".During the three military expeditions to Lichuan in the Zhengtong Period of the Ming dynasty,the Ming government broke its promise to Burmese and Mubang Tusi,which became the blasting fuse of the disputes over the territorial juris-diction of Tusi in the frontier region of Yunnan in the middle and late Ming dynasty.After the Tian-shun Period,the governance policies for the southwest frontier region changed,and the coping strate-gies for the disputes over the territorial jurisdiction of the border Tusi of Yunnan often failed,which caused more fierce disputes.As a result,some Tusi broke away from the rule of the Ming dynasty,which resulted in the change both in the political identities of Tusi and the military and political set-tings of the Ming dynasty in the southwest frontier region as well as the demise of the Burmese Tusi,which factually promoted the unification and northern expansion of the Toungoo dynasty.The dis-putes over the territorial jurisdiction of the border Tusi of Yunnan redefined the relationship between the Ming dynasty and its surrounding areas,which laid the foundation for the spatial transformation of the southwest territory in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,helped build a new territorial space in the southwest frontier region,profoundly affected the Qing dynasty's territorial awareness,and changed the historical process of the development of the southwest frontier society in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Ming dynastythe border Tusi of Yunnandisputes over territorial jurisdictionhistori-cal territoryborderland governance
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