An Analysis of the Policy of Diversified Ethnic Governance in the Northern Frontier Region of China under the Great Unified Pattern of the Qing Dynasty:The Case of the Kaljan Gumu Niru in the Eight Banners of Chahar
During the Qing dynasty,the Chahar tribe was separately incorporated into the Eight Ban-ners and the Jasag Banner system.Among them,the Chahar tribe incorporated into the Eight Banners was divided into the Chahar Niru of the Mongolian Eight Banners and the Chahar Niru of the Nomadic Eight Banners.This article is based on the relevant Manchu archives and the hereditary genealogy of historical documents of the Eight Banners in the First Historical Archives of China.Using multilin-gual historical records and taking the example of the Chahar Nomadic Niru established by the original Chahar jaisang Kajan gumu and its affiliated people,it examines the investigation process of the Qian-long period of the Qing dynasty and its determination of the origin of this niru,and holds that al-though the Qing dynasty divided the Chahar tribe included in the Eight Banners during the Tiancong period into two systems,the nomadic niru and the Beijing niru,the boundary between the two was not clear,and especially the original feudal class could play flexible roles either in the nomadic place or in Beijing.This also indicates that the nature of the Chahar Niru of the Nomadic Eight Banners and their subordinate relationship with the Mongolian Eight Banners were still ambiguous,reflecting the flexible policy adopted by the Qing government in its border governance"following the customs and a-dapting to the local conditions".At the same time,the article presents the basic process of investiga-ting the origins of the the Chahar Niru of the Eight Banners during the Qianlong period based on the study of therelevant archival materials.
great unificationfrontier governancethe Eight Banners of ChaharKaljan gumu Nirucommunity of the Chinese nation
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