"Tusi"(native minority headmen)and"Liuguan"(government-dispatched officials)are two distinctly different identities,with no possibility of interchangeability between them.However,in the study of the Tusi issues,the claim that"Tusi can serve as Liuguan"needs to be addressed.Proponents of this view have misinterpreted the relevant historical terms due to their misunderstand-ings of the related documents,failing to distinguish the implications of different official titles of the Ming and Qing dynasties like the officials with an honorary title or a prestige title or a title for merito-rious services or posthumous enfeoffment who were different from those officials in power.Following the policy of the large-scale replacement of the native minority headmen with government-dispatched officials during the Yongzheng period and aiming to achieve the direct rule over the Tusi areas,the Qing government not only changed the actual co-governance by both the native minority headmen and government-dispatched officials,but also in many aspects adopted the same Liuguan-related manage-ment policies for Tusi,which was particularly evident in the establishment of nonhereditary"Tuben"(native military officers),"Tutun"(native garrison officers),and"Liuzhi Tusi"(government-dis-patched Tusi-based native officials)with titles seemingly similar to those of Liuguan.However,these nonhereditary Tuben,Tutun and Liuzhi Tusi were no longer strictly Tusi in the traditional sense,and in fact they could not serve as Liuguan.Thus,the claim that"Tusi can serve as Liuguan"is inaccu-rate and not in line with the historical facts.
TusiLiuguanTusi systemofficial system"co-governance by both Tusi and Li-uguan"
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