From Social Morality to Civil Virtue:The Practice of Gong-de and the Evolution of the Idea in Park Design in Modern Jiangsu
The debate on social morality triggered by visiting parks in late-Qing,drew the attention of the modern Chi-nese thought circle and garden-making community.In the early 20th century,Jiangsu(including parts of present-day Shanghai)built a large number of native parks,whose design has been evolving in concert with the localization of the idea of Gong-de.Through the mutual proof of pictures,texts and practice,it found that the the practice of Gong-de of park design in modern Jiangsu witnessed the change from the development of park regulations to the addition of social education spaces,and then to the joint creation of a political site by landscape spaces and tour experiences.This is because the idea of Gong-de has undergone a shift from public morality(social Gong-de)to civil virtue(po-litical Gong-de)during the same period.Thus,it provides a strong footnote for the localization trends in the moderni-zation of gardens in China.
Park DesignIdea of Gong-deModern JiangsuSocial MoralityCivil Virtue
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