The Practical Learning of Governance in Cultural Transformation during the Ming and Qing Dynasties:A New Exploration of"Differentiating between the Real and the Unreal:Yan Yuan's Problem Awareness and His Philosophy Development"
During the mid-17th century,commonly referred to as the Ming-Qing Dynasties period,Chinese intellectual and cultural history witnessed the emergence of a group of highly critical thinkers,such as Gu Yanwu,Huang Zongxi,Wang Fuzhi,Fang Yizhi,Li Yong,Fu Shan,and Yan Yuan.They conducted a comprehensive critique and reconstruction of the feudal,patrilineal,and authoritarian political system and its corresponding ideological framework in late imperial China.This marked the beginning of self-criticism and societal transformation within feudal culture.Among these thinkers,Yan Yuan's practical learning philoso-phy stood out as a unique and remarkable branch of thought during this period.
Ming-Qing dynasties periodcultural transformationpractical learning for governancedistinc-tion between reality and illusion
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