Adapting to the situation:The Establishment and Adjustment of Mulian Tusi's Governance in Wuding,Yunnan during the Qing Dynasty
During the Qing Dynasty,the Mulian Tusi in Wuding,Yunnan,maintained actual control over the local area despite experiencing a series of changes such as dynastic transition,bureaucratization of native officers,and local uprisings.By analyzing extant archival materials,it is evident that the Mulian Tusi took proactive measures during social transformation,securing official and local recognition and consolidating their local dominant position through supporting imperial policies,shaping ancestral identities,and adjusting survival strategies.This adaptive attitude and approach were crucial factors for their long-term persistence.The case study of the Mulian Tusi contributes to understanding the self-awareness and agency of grassroots Tusi system,and also enhances comprehension of the internal mechanisms and complex processes involved in the transition of frontier ethnic regions from being"outside the realm of governance"to"within the realm of governance".
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