The Representation of"Loyalty and Martyrdom"Among the Shandong Martyrs in Qing Dynasty as Seen in the Records of Licheng County
During the Qing Dynasty,those who resisted the Qing Dynasty and sacrificed their lives in Shandong province came from a wide range of groups,including common people and officials.However,when it comes to the compilation of local history,the sacrifices of official martyrs were often celebrated from the perspective of integrity and morality,while the actions of the common people resisting the Qing Dynasty were intentionally downplayed or vilified.Despite dying for the same cause of resisting the Qing Dynasty,the Qing government held completely dif-ferent values towards those who sacrificed their lives in Shandong before and after the fall of the Ming Dynasty.Those who sacrificed themselves before the fall of the Ming Dynasty were often praised as loyal and righteous,while those who sacrificed themselves after the fall of the Ming Dynasty,or even those who supported the Southern Ming Dynasty,were intentionally ignored.Through the formation of the compilation mode of local history,the Qing gov-ernment attempted to reshape the issue of ethnic opposition during the transition from the Ming to the Qing Dynasty,thereby"de-politicizing"the history of this period.
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