mRNA vaccine is a kind of nucleic acid vaccine that uses mRNA encoding specific antigen to express specific antigen protein in host cells to activate the immune system of the body,activate effector B cells to produce specific antibodies or activate effector T cells to play a killing role,and finally achieve the purpose of preventing or treating diseases.mRNA vaccine has the advan-tages of short production cycle,strong immunogenicity and high safety,and has become a research hotspot in vaccine field in recent years.However,the instability and low delivery efficiency caused by the easy nuclease degradation of mRNA severely limit its application.In order to protect mRNA from nuclease degradation and improve the delivery efficiency of mRNA vaccine,and promote the research and clinical application of mRNA vaccine,scientists have developed a series of mRNA vaccine delivery technologies.mRNA delivery technologies can be roughly divided into five categories:The delivery technologies based on physical path,the delivery technologies based on lipid,the delivery technologies based on polymer,the delivery technologies based on protein,and the delivery technologies based on inorganic nanoparticle.The delivery technologies based on physical path include electroporation,gene gun,microneedle and other technologies.The delivery technologies based on lipid include liposome,cationic nanoemulsion,lipid nanoparticle,lipopolyplex and other technologies.The delivery technologies based on polymer mostly use polyethyleneimine,polyβ-amino ester,poly-amidoamine to deliver mRNA.The delivery technologies based on protein deliver mRNA with protamine,virus-like particle,cell-penetrating peptide and other proteins.The delivery technologies based on inorganic nanoparticle can deliver mRNA by gold nanoparticle,silica nanoparticle,calcium phosphate nanoparticle and other nanoparticles.In this paper,five types of delivery technologies based on physical path,lipid,polymer,protein,inorganic nanoparticle and their applications will be reviewed in order to provide new ideas and new methods for efficient delivery of mRNA vaccines.
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