Progress in the effects of trace elements for modulating biological functions on organisms
Trace elements(TEs),also known as micronutrients in biology,are trace components required by the human body,accounting for 0.005％to 0.01％of body weight.Although TEs are present in small quantities in the human body,they play significant roles in cellular metabolism,enzyme activity regulation,immune function,nerve conduction,and bone health.In this review,the effects of TEs(zinc,iron,magnesium,selenium,copper,chromium,and manganese)for modulating biological functions on organisms are comprehensively analyzed and summarized.The mechanisms of various TEs in immune system,enzymatic reaction,oxidative stress,physical growth,and blood glucose regulation are deeply discussed,emphasizing the indispensable role of TEs in maintaining normal physiological functions of body.In addition,the future research directions of TEs are also prospected,including the mechanism of action,intake,metabolism,and storage of TEs at the cellular level.This review will provide useful information to further understand the biological effects and the application of TEs.
metal elementmineralimmune systemoxidative stressblood glucose
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