Application and research progress of extracellular vesicles in castration-resistant prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men.Over the past decade,significant progress has been made in prostate cancer biomarker research,particularly in urine and blood tests.Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive method that detects cancer-related molecules in circulating tumor cells,cell-free DNA,and extracellular vesicles(EVs),revealing cancer heterogeneity and acquired resistance.EVs,as cell-derived vesicles,contain various molecules such as nucleic acids,proteins,and lipids,and can be isolated from urine,plasma,and serum of cancer patients.The secretion of EVs not only promotes cancer progression,metastasis,and drug resistance,but also serves as an effective tool for diagnosing high-grade prostate cancer and predicting the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer.This article reviews application of EVs in the diagnosis and disease progression prediction of castration-resistant prostate cancer,and explores their biological functions in cancer progression.
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