The primary negative markers in Longshan(龙山)Tujia(土家)are tha55 and ta55.In addition,there is the existential negative verb thai35("not have")and the modal negative marker thi55("cannot");all of these can undergo morphological change by adding the perfective marker-u.The scope of negation is determined by the position of the negative marker and the context,and may apply to predicates,clauses,or other sentence constituents.Double negation structures are categorized into those that express affirmation(e.g.,NP-tha55-tha55,V-thi55-thai35),which all serve an emphatic function,and those that express negation(e.g.,V-tha55-thi55,NP-thi55-thi55),among which only the NP-thi55-thi55 and NP-thaiu35-thi55-ɕi55-V structures are emphatic,while the others are not.In double negation structures that express negation,the presence or absence of negative markers is governed by semantic factors rather than word order,a phenomenon that is rare among Sino-Tibetan and related languages.This reflects the grammatical complexity of Longshan(龙山)Tujia(土家)and highlights the need for further research.
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