From Plural to Unification:Evolution of the Borderland Strengthening Policies in Ancient China
The ancient Chinese borderland strengthening policies had undergone a process of evolution,transiting from a state of pluralism to one of unification.Before and after its unification,the Qin Dynasty significantly reinforced the"Chu Xian"(初县)with banished migrants as the primary way and recruitment of people as the supplementary.During the Han Dynasty,there was a shift in the approach,while recruitment became primary,and banishment became supplementary.Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty implemented the garrison pattern with conscription of soldiers as the main force,banished criminals as supplementary.The Qin and Han dynasties witnessed the diverse methods to strengthen borderland areas.In the Sui and Tang dynasties,borderland prefectures and counties were more developed,so the retention of garrisons primarily served as mechanism for managing outer borderland.The practice of enlisting a large number of people in the Sui Dynasty was a failure,so the Tang Dynasty still focused on military garrison,and the recruitment of people to the borderland counties mainly became a way to ease the tension between people and land.Since the Yuan Dynasty,the strengthening borderland mainly depended on the garrison system,and the recruited civil people were also organized through the garrison,not the same as the household registration in counties.The borderland strengthening paths were mixed together.On this basis,civil garrisons in the Qing Dynasty developed deeply,not only exceeded the number of military garrisons,but also similar in nature to the recruitment of people to strengthen the borderland county,becoming a way to deeply govern the borderland areas of the country.
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