Progressive renal fibrosis is the hallmark of chronic kidney disease,which possesses heavy public health burden globally.Both diabetic and non-diabetic kidney diseases are the major causes for development of chronic kidney disease.MicroRNAs(miRNAs),short noncoding RNAs,exert their regulatory roles at a post-transcription level and have been studied for renal fibrosis progression in diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathy.In this review,the pattern of miRNA expression alternations in diabetic and non-diabetic kidney diseases is summarized followed by discussion on the roles of miRNAs in renal fibrosis through interacting with various signaling pathways,such as transforming growth factor-β,nuclear factor-κB,Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3,and SRY-box transcription factor 6.The potential of physical exercise in protection of renal dysfunction by regulating miRNAs is briefly discussed.