Advances and Future Directions in Chloroplast Gene Editing Technology
Chloroplasts,essential organelles within plant cells,play a crucial role in photosynthesis,metabolic pathways,and immune responses.Despite their limited coding capacity of approximately 100 genes,the chloroplast genome is indispensable for plant growth and development.This review delves into chloroplasts,their origin,structure,and function,as well as chloroplast genome studies.The review focuses on two main chloroplast gene editing technologies:Homologous recombination and base editing.particular emphasis is placed on recent advancements in cytosine and adenine base editors employed for chloroplast base editing.Compared to the traditional homologous recombination technique,base editing offers several advantages.It facilitates targeted modification at specific target sites,leading to the genera-tion of homogeneous transgenic plants in a single selection cycle.Notably,base editing achieves non-transgenic gene editing by eliminating the incorporation of exogenous DNA fragments.Finally,we aim to provide valuable insights into chloroplast gene editing technology to promote the development of precise and efficient chloroplast gene editing tools,enhance our understanding of chloroplast gene function,and accelerate the rational use of chloroplasts.
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