A Comparative Study of Mine Ecological Restoration in Urban Areas Between China and the EU:Case Studies of Huaibei City in China and Gelsenkirchen in Germany
China stresses the importance of the integrated protection and governance of ecosystems,including mountains,waters,forests,farmlands,lakes,grasslands,and deserts,while the ecological restoration of mining sites is a significant component.European and American countries began the ecological restoration of mining sites earlier,offering valuable references in theory,technology,and practices.However,the current studies in the field are centered on the introduction of these countries'experience,lacking in comparative analyses.This paper selects two cities which adopt the similar model of ecological restoration for mine sites:Huaibei in China and Gelsenkirchen in Germany(located in the Ruhr area),reviews the conditions of coal mining subsidence areas in the two cities as well as the measures for and the progress at the national,provincial,and local levels in ecological restoration,and conducts a comparative analysis of their practices and experiences from multiple perspectives.The results indicate that while China and Germany have kept abreast with each other in the formulation of laws,regulations,and policy mechanism of ecological restoration governance.China lags behind Germany in its restoration practices.Both Huaibei and the Ruhr area emphasize the complete restoration of ecosystems to provide leisure spaces for residents through mine sites'ecological restoration.However,Huaibei has limited sources of funding,and there is a space for the management efficiency and project benefits to be improved.The near-natural techniques of ecological restoration and maintenance in the Ruhr area are worth learning from.The quality of ecological restoration in both cities still needs to be further improved,necessitating the strengthening of theoretical and technical research,robust project supervision,and long-term monitoring.
comparison between Chinese and German citiesabandoned mining sitebrownfieldwastelandecological restoration
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