As a principle to determine the subject of criminal responsibility in the Ming and Qing dynasties,'conviction on the doer'can be traced back to the Tang dynasty,when it was called'conviction on the person who performs the act',which was mainly used to determine the undertaker of criminal responsibility in duty crimes.The concrete perpetrator of the crime should bear the criminal responsibility.This system excluded the implication of the same organization,under which the specific perpetrator of the criminal act should be the first offender to bear criminal responsibility,and other officials took the responsibility in descending order.By the Ming and Qing dynasties,such regulations were reduced significantly,while'conviction on the doer'was emphasized in many duty crimes,which reflected the trend of gradually expanding the application scope of the principle of self-responsibility for guilt.At the same time,'conviction on the doer'was also used in another meaning.Namely,the people who instigated others to commit a crime,or who performed an act that indirectly caused criminal consequences,should bear criminal responsibility.Such provision of criminal responsibility already existed in the criminal legislation of the Tang dynasty or even earlier,and it was not limited to the accountability of duty crimes.In the Ming and Qing dynasties,this concept of accountability was integrated into the principle of'conviction on the doer'through legislation and legal interpretation.
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