Predicting and Assessing Heart Failure through Retinal Microvascular Imaging:Progress and Challenges
Microvascular disease plays a significant role in the development and progression of heart failure.The blood vessels in the fundus are unique sites in the systemic microcirculatory system that can be directly and noninvasively observed and repeatedly evaluated.Accumulating evidence suggests that retinal imaging is a promising noninvasive tool for assessing structural and functional abnormalities of the microcirculation associated with heart failure,which can be used to help identify the high-risk patient and to detect different phenotypes of heart failure.Retinal vascular caliber and other microvascular features correlate with left ventricular function and structure in stage B heart failure as well as with signs and symptoms of heart failure in stage C.This review highlights the current evidence for the application of retinal microvascular assessment in heart failure and potential clinical values of retinal imaging in heart failure.
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