Limnodrilus hoffmeistteri was exposed to original and different functional groups modified polystyrene nanoplastics(NPs)and environmentally relevant concentration ketoconazole(KCZ)in a subacute toxicity test,and the bioaccumulation of NPs and KCZ,as well as the histopathology and intestinal microbial responses of the worms were investigated.After 7 days of exposure,all three NPs could be absorbed and accumulated in the worms,with the lowest accumulation level of amino modified NPs(2.78ng/mg)and the highest accumulation level of carboxyl modified NPs(22.85ng/mg).The coexistence of NPs significantly reduced the bioaccumulation of KCZ,with inhibition rates reaching the highest at day 7(88.9%～94.8%).KCZ alone and in combination with NPs induced intestinal damage,resulting in pathological changes such as epidermal and intestinal cell degeneration,epidermal and intestinal cell proliferation,epidermal surface irregularity and chlorine-producing tissue degeneration.The coexistence of the three NPs significantly reduced the inhibition of KCZ on pepsin and cellulase activities.Coexposure with amino modified NPs significantly decreased the content of D-lactate,and coexposure with carboxyl modified NPs significantly decreased diamine oxidase activity.KCZ alone significantly increased the microbial diversity in the worm gut,and the coexistence with functional group modified NPs reduced the microbial diversity,and changed the abundance of phylum level and dominant bacteria genera.Especially in the combination group of KCZ and amino modified NPs,the dominant bacterial genera became pathogenic bacteria,increasing the risk of worm infection.
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