Abstract
Catalysts can significantly promote the reaction dynamics and are therefore considered crucial compo-nents for achieving high electrochemical energy conversion efficiency.However,the active sites of the catalysts,particularly for nano-level and atomic-level catalysts commonly undergo reconstruction under practical applications.Therefore,obtaining an in-depth and systematic understanding on the real active sites through in situ/operando characterization techniques is a prerequisite for establishing the structure-performance relationship and guiding the future design of more efficient electrocatalysts.Herein,we sum-marize the recent progress of in situ/operando characterization techniques for identifying the nature of active sites of electrocatalysts when used in electrocatalytic energy conversion reaction.Specifically,our focus lies in the fundamental principles of various in situ/operando characterization techniques,with par-ticular emphasis on their applications for electrocatalytic reactions.Beyond that,the challenges and per-spective insights are also added in the final section to highlight the future direction of this important field.
维普
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