Abstract
This article reviews the latest research advances of tetrahedral framework nucleic acid(tFNA)-based sys-tems in their fabrication,modification,and the potential applications in biomedicine.TFNA arises from the synthesis of four single-stranded DNA chains.Each chain contains brief sequences that complement those found in the other three,culminating in the creation of a pyramid-shaped nanostructure of ap-proximately 10 nanometers in size.The first generation of tFNA demonstrates inherent compatibility with biological systems and the ability to permeate cell membrane effectively.These attributes translate into remarkable capabilities for regulating various cellular biological processes,fostering tissue regeneration,and modulating immune responses.The subsequent evolution of tFNA introduces enhanced adaptability and a relatively higher degree of biological stability.This advancement encompasses structural modifica-tions,such as the addition of functional domains at the vertices or side arms,integration of low molec-ular weight pharmaceuticals,and the implementation of diverse strategies aimed at reversing multi-drug resistance in tumor cells or microorganisms.These augmentations empower tFNA-based systems to be utilized in different scenarios,thus broadening their potential applications in various biomedical fields.
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