Objective To investigate the risk factors for occurrence of cryptorchidism in children and the timing of surgery.Methods Ninety-six children with cryptorchidism who received treatment at Linyi Central Hospital between January 2018 and December 2022(cryptorchidism group)and 60 healthy young children born during the same period(control group)were included in this study.The mothers and fathers of the children were surveyed,and the risk factors for the occurrence of cryptorchidism in children were statistically analyzed.Additionally,the factors that affect the timing of surgery for the children were also evaluated.Results(1)Children with cryptorchidism typically exhibited poor testicular development and a soft texture.Of the cases studied,83(86.4％)had unilateral cryptorchidism,with the left side affected in 21 cases and the right side affected in 62 cases.Additionally,13 cases(13.6％)exhibited bilateral cryptorchidism.The testicles were located in the inguinal region in 76 cases and in the abdominal cavity in 20 cases.In 79 cases,the cryptorchid was palpable,whereas in 17 cases,it was not.Upon admission,the children's serum luteinizing hormone levels were(1.83±0.25)U/L,follicle-stimulating hormone levels were(1.12±0.13)U/L,and testosterone levels were(0.77±0.09)nmol/L.(2)Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that mother's smoking history,drinking history,occupational exposure to pesticides or diesel/gasoline,use of anti-infective drugs/antipyretic analgesics during early pregnancy,gestational diabetes,father's smoking history,and history of occupational exposure to pesticides were the independent risk factors for the occurrence of cryptorchidism in children(all P＜0.05).(3)Parental education level,family income,and the presence of combined penile malformations emerged as independent risk factors that influence the timing of surgery for cryptorchidism in children(all P＜0.05).Conclusion The educational level,occupation,and early pregnancy medication history of parents are the primary risk factors influencing the occurrence of cryptorchidism in children.Therefore,it is crucial to enhance health education targeted at low-income and poorly-educated families to prevent surgical delays.
J CryptorchidismChildSurgical proceduresRisk factorsSmokingDiabetes,gestationalFamily in comeEducation level
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