Marketization and Monetization of Lichai in the Ming Dynasty from the Perspectives of Datao and Dataoyin
"Datao"referred to the way in which"zhenghu"(household primarily responsible for undertaking the labor service)and"daiyi"(the substitute who actually performs the labor)claimed for the cost of corvee.According to the subject and credentials of datao,it could be divided into the following three situations.Firstly,the cost of corvee was claimed by the zhenghu from the"tiehu"(household which assisted in undertaking the labor service),which was a system provision of the Pengchong Law.Secondly,the cost of corvee was claimed by daiyi through a private agreement from the legal corvee service households,which occurred in the corvee market privately hired by households.Thirdly,the cost of corvee was claimed by daiyi through the official ticket from the legal corvee service households,which occurred in the corvee market for official employment.In the process of designing the system of the Mingbian Law hidden in the Anbian Law,the government annotated"dataoyin"under the"lichai"(service performed by the taxpayer in person)'s"ebianyin"(silver amount set by the government budget)in the tax register and ticket.Lichai's ebianyin represented the Anbian Law,while dataoyin represented the Mingbian Law.Dataoyin included labor prices,additional financial burdens,extortion by officials,etc.It was the highest actual cost of lichai established by the government based on the"datao price"(the market price of corvee).In the corvee market,the main function of dataoyin was to set the highest limit on the market price of corvee.And in the fiscal budget,the government converted the price ceiling into a fiscal budget by converting dataoyin into ebianyin.The Ming government constantly adjusted ebianyin according to the highest limit on the market price of corvee resulting in a multiple increase of ebianyin every period of time.Among them,in Xiajin County,lichai's ebianyin in the early of Wanli was 5.32 times higher than that in the middle of Jiajing.
NETL
NSTL
万方数据
