Outside Merchants of Canton Trade during the Reigns of Yongzheng and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty:Centering on Swedish East India Company's Trade in China
For Canton's overseas trade in the early Qing Dynasty,outside merchants were numerous and highly active.Through re-interpreting the Qing government's regulations on the business operation of outside merchants and focusing on the Swedish East India Company's trade in China during the reigns of Yongzheng and Qianlong,it can be seen that outside merchants not only engaged in small handicraft articles,but also legally participated in the foreign trade of bulk goods such as porcelain and tea under the guarantee of Hong merchants.Their commercial activities had been quite active in the early reigns of Qianlong.Before a large number of unattached English and American traders came to China,outside merchants kept close contacts with Hong merchants and East India Companys'supercargos.They together maintained the trade environment of Canton port in a relatively balanced and stable state.The business carried out by outside merchants should also be regarded as an important component of Canton trade.
Reigns of Yongzheng and QianlongCanton TradeOutside MerchantsSwedish East India Company
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