From Gang to Unit:The Transformation of Shanghai Dockers in the Early Years of the Founding of PRC
In modern Shanghai,dockers were primarily organized through a system of gangs and were not under government control.After the liberation of Shanghai,the new government implemented various measures to dismantle the dominance of these gangs among the dockers and to reform and expel workers.Subsequently,the retained dockers were incorporated into the work unit system,and a new organizational form gradually took shape.However,the measures to reform and expel workers led to labor shortages in some industries.Consequently,the practice of privately recruiting workers reemerged in Shanghai's dock transport industry,and the expelled dockers returned to Shanghai.Even the gang leaders and the underground labor market that the government had previously sought to eliminate reappeared.To restore control over the dock transport industry,the government in Shanghai intensified efforts in detention and repatriation,strengthened household registration management,and continuously pursued technological innovations to raise the entry threshold for the industry.Additionally,the Shanghai government implemented a responsibility system to deter illegal activities.Through the dual interventions of administrative and economic measures,Shanghai's dock transport industry entered a period of relative stability.
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