Pain involving neck,shoulder,waist and leg is a common condition that deteriorate quality of life and health,which is usually induced by intervertebral disc degeneration(IVDD),such as cervical and lumbar disc herniation.In recent years,mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles have shown potential role in delaying and treating IVDD,which not only have the capacity to improve differ-entiation of nucleus pulposus cells,but also promote nucleus pulposus cell proliferation,inhibit apoptosis,and inflammatory reactions.How-ever,considering that the microenvironment of degenerative intervertebral discs is not suitable for cell growth,the non-cellular therapy rep-resented by exocrine body is expected to become an alternative to cell therapy.This article summarizes the latest research results of several common mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles in the treatment of IVDD,in order to better understand the current clinical appli-cation status and prospects of mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles in this field.
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