Intervertebral disc degeneration(IVDD)is a prevalent orthopedic condition that imposes a significant burden on both the so-cial economy and human health.Currently,treatments for IVDD can only relieve patients'symptoms but cannot stop the process of disc de-generation.Inflammation stands as one of the key contributors to intervertebral disc degeneration,while damage-associated molecular pat-tern(DAMP)represents an essential immune response mechanism in vivo.Alarmin,as a ligand of DAMP,is a class of molecules that play an important role in inflammatory response.Alarmins encompass high mobility group box-1 protein(HMGB1),heat shock proteins(HSPs),S100 protein family,interleukin-1α(IL-1α),and interleukin-33(IL-33).This review aims to explore the effects and mechanisms of differ-ent alarmins on intervertebral disc degeneration,providing valuable references for future studies.
high mobility group box-1 proteinheat shock proteinnucleus pulposusintervertebral disc degeneration
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