An Analysis of U.S.Science and Technology Diplomacy in the 21st Century:From Cooperative Diplomacy to Competitive Diplomacy
The combination of Science & Technology and diplomacy has a long history,but the specific concept of Science & Technolo-gy diplomacy and related policy discourse emerged in the early 21st century.It is still a relatively new concept at present.From the per-spective of"Knowledge-Power",the essence of science and technology diplomacy is the diplomatic practice of state actors to achieve their strategic goals by adjusting the cross-border flow of various knowledge carriers.The practice mode of Science & Technology diplo-macy can be competitive or cooperative,and is often presented as a policy group in which cooperative measures and competitive meas-ures coexist.An overview of the Science & Technology foreign policy pursued by the U.S.since the beginning of the 21st century and the strategic motivation behind it reveals that the transnational flow or blockage of knowledge carriers,under the manipulation of the policy-making circle and the literacy of the scientific and technological community,is an important tool of the U.S.foreign strategy.From the George Bush administration to the beginning of the Obama administration,the rebuilding of the U.S."overseas reputation"was the core of the U.S.Science & Technology diplomacy practice.During the Obama administration,with the launch of the Asia-Pacific rebalance strategy,the focus of U.S.Science & Technology diplomacy had gradually shifted from"rebuilding overseas reputation"to"strengthe-ning the position of power".Since the Trump administration,under the framework of Sino-U.S.strategic competition,the U.S.practice of Science & Technology diplomacy had completely reversed to the side of seeking absolute security and protecting hegemonic interests through competitive measures.Although the Biden administration is currently emphasizing the importance of Scientific and Technological engagement in managing Sino-U.S.strategic competition,this will not affect its continued competitive Science & Technology diplomacy with China.
Science and technology diplomacyStrategic competitionKnowledge flow
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