On the Technical Connotations of"Zi-khyim li-ma"in the Qing Court
Zi-khyim li-ma is a typical example of the Han-Tibetan handicraft exchanges during the Ming and Qing periods.This paper delineates the relevant research on zi-khyim li-ma clarifying that the actual meaning of zi-khyim li-ma in the Qing court refers to the materials used to make Buddha statues,rather than the statues themselves.Through textual analysis of the zi-khyim li-ma formulations found in the archives of the Imperial Household Department,combined with preliminary scientific examination of the specimens,it is pointed out that the documented formulations might not be authentic records of the imitation process.Consequently,the technical essence underlying the distinctive surface effects of the Qing court's zi-khyim li-ma is more likely to be a combination of special alloy components and surface treatment processes.
zi-khyim li-maImperial Household Department of the Qing Courtalloy formulationsurface treatment process
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