Abundant biomass,as a renewable organic resource,can be transformed into high-value chemicals or fuels via chemical reactions,which contributes to a reduction in dependence on fossil energy.5-Hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)is a significant biomass platform molecule composed of an aldehyde group,a hydroxymethyl group,and a furan ring.It exhibits outstanding chemical properties and can be converted into a range of high-value derivatives using oxidation,hydrogenation,ring-opening hydrolysis,etherification,and polymerization reactions.These derivatives have applications in medicine,materials,chemicals and biofuels.Photocatalysis,which is gradually utilized in biomass conversion and surpasses the limitations of traditional thermal catalysis,has emerged as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method in recent years.This review provides a systematic summary of the recent research progress on photocatalytic/photoelectrocatalytic conversion of HMF,and concerns the way that reactive radicals affect the selectivity of HMF during photocatalytic oxidation and how HMF oxidation promotes photocatalytic water splitting to improve the slow kinetics of water oxidation.Finally,this review highlights future forthcoming research objectives,such as exploring multi-step reaction strategies to increase the yield of FDCA,in-depth investigation of the kinetics and catalytic active sites in the photocatalytic HMF oxidation process to understand the mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation comprehensively,and optimization of photocatalysts to achieve efficient and selective HMF conversion.All of the above show the potential to provide innovative solutions in the fields of sustainable energy,biomass conversion,and liquid biofuels.
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