Occurrence and environmental risks of metal-based nanoparticles in Liaodong Bay
The rapid development of nanotechnology has raised great concern about the environmental pollution caused by nanoparticles(NPs),especially metal-based NPs.The marine environment(especially the coastal bay)serves as an important sink of metal-based NPs.However,the lack of environmental concentration hinders the risk assessment of metal-based NPs in marine environments.In this study,single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(sp-ICP-MS)was used to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Ag,Ti,Cu,and Zn-based NPs in the seawater of Liaodong Bay.Based on the predicted no-effect concentrations(PNECs)of metal-based NPs on marine organisms and using the risk characterization ratio(RCR),the environmental risks of these four types of metal-based NPs in Liaodong Bay were assessed.The results showed that sp-ICP-MS could be used to accurately quantify four types of metal-based NPs by dilution(for Ti,Cu,and Zn-based NPs)and cloud point extraction(for Ag-based NPs).The recoveries were 97.1％,96.4％,95.3％,and 96.7％,respectively.The spatial distribution revealed that the average concentration of Ti-based NPs(3.98 × 108 particles/L)in Liaodong Bay was the highest,followed by Ag-,Cu-,and Zn-based NPs.Ag-based NPs exhibited the highest concentration(6.81 × 107 particles/L)in the western coast of Liaodong Bay,while the other three types of NPs showed higher concentrations at the estuary of Daling River in the northern coast of Liaodong Bay,with concentrations of 1.87 × 109(Ti-based NPs),5.86 × 107(Ag-based NPs),and 2.12 × 107 particles/L(Zn-based NPs).Among the four types of metal-based NPs,Ag-based NPs showed the highest environmental risk,with 15 of the 16 stations assessed as"medium risk".The total environmental risks(RCRtotal)of the four metal-based NPs were assessed as"medium risk"at all stations,and Ag-based NPs contributed the most to the total environmental risk(＞50％).This study will contribute to a better understanding of the occurrence of metal-based NPs and objectively assess their environmental risks in Liaodong Bay.
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