Abstract
Understanding the nature of quantum chromodynamics(QCD)matter is important but challenging due to the presence of non-perturbative dynamics under extreme conditions.We construct a holographic model describing the gluon sector of QCD at finite temperatures in the non-perturbative regime.The equation of state as a function of temperature is in good accordance with the lattice QCD data.Moreover,the Polyakov loop and the gluon condensation,which are proper order parameters to capture the deconfinement phase transition,also agree quantitatively well with the lattice QCD data.We obtain a strong first-order con-finement/deconfinement phase transition at Tc=276.5 MeV that is consistent with the lattice QCD prediction.Based on our model for a pure gluon hidden sector,we compute the stochastic gravitational waves and primordial black hole(PBH)produc-tions from this confinement/deconfinement phase transition in the early Universe.The resulting stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds are found to be within detectability in the International Pulsar Timing Array and Square Kilometre Array in the near future when the associated productions of PBHs saturate the current observational bounds on the PBH abundances from the LIGO-Virgo-Collaboration O3 data.
基金项目
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2203004)
国家重点研发计划(2020YFC2201501)
国家自然科学基金(12075101)
国家自然科学基金(12235016)
国家自然科学基金(12122513)
国家自然科学基金(12075298)
国家自然科学基金(12047569)
国家自然科学基金(11991052)
国家自然科学基金(12047503)
国家自然科学基金(12105344)
国家自然科学基金(11947233)
国家自然科学基金(12235019)
Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDPB15)
science research grants from the China Manned Space Project(CMS-CSST-2021-B01)
Jilin University and Max Planck Partner group()
use of the highperformance computing(HPC)Cluster of Institute of Theoretical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(ITP-CAS)()
维普
万方数据