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Driving factors behind multiple populations

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Star clusters were historically considered simple stellar populations,with all stars sharing the same age and initial chemical com-position.However,the presence of chemical anomalies in globular clusters(GCs),called multiple stellar populations(MPs),has challenged star formation theories in dense environments.Literature studies show that mass,metallicity,and age are likely con-trolling parameters for the manifestation of MPs.Identifying the limit between clusters with/without MPs in physical parameter space is crucial to reveal the driving mechanism behind their presence.In this study,we look for MP signals in Whiting 1,which is traditionally considered a young GC.Using the Magellan telescope,we obtained low-resolution spectra within λλ=3850-5500 Å for eight giants of Whiting 1.We measured the C and N abundances from the CN and CH spectral indices.C and N abundances have variations comparable with their measurement errors(～0.1 dex),suggesting that MPs are absent from Whiting 1.Com-bining these findings with literature studies,we propose a limit in the metallicity vs.cluster compactness index parameter space,which relatively clearly separates star clusters with/without MPs(GCs/open clusters).This limit is physically motivated.On a larger scale,the galactic environment determines cluster compactness and metallicity,leading to metal-rich,diffuse,old clusters formed ex situ.Our proposed limit also impacts our understanding of the formation of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy:star clusters formed after the first starburst(age≲ 8-10 Gyr).These clusters are simple stellar populations because the enriched galactic envi-ronment is no longer suitable for MP formation.

globular clustersopen clustersmultiple stellar populations

Ruoyun Huang、Baitian Tang、Chengyuan Li、Doug Geisler、Mario Mateo、Ying-Yi Song、Holger Baumgardt、Julio A.Carballo-Bello、Yue Wang、Jundan Nie、Bruno Dias、José G.Fernández-Trincado

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School of Physics and Astronomy,Sun Yat-sen University,Zhuhai 519082,China

CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area,Zhuhai 519082,China

Departamento de Astronomía,Universidad de Concepcion,Concepcion,Chile

Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología,Universidad de La Serena,La Serena,Chile

Departamento de Astronomía,Facultad de Ciencias,Universidad de La Serena,La Serena,Chile

Department of Astronomy,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor 48109,USA

David A.Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics,University of Toronto,Toronto ON M5S 3H4,Canada

Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics,University of Toronto,Toronto ON M5S 3H4,Canada

School of Mathematics and Physics,The University of Queensland,St.Lucia QLD 4072,Australia

Instituto de Alta Investigación,Universidad de Tarapacá,Arica,Chile

CAS Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy,National Astronomical Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China

Instituto de Astrofísica,Departamento de Ciencias Físicas,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas,Universidad Andres Bello,Santiago,Chile

Instituto de Astronomía,Universidad Católica del Norte,Antofagasta,Chile

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Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong ProvinceNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaChina Manned Space ProjectChina Manned Space ProjectNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaFondecyt regularDirección de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Universidad de La Serena through the Programa de Incentivo a la Investigación FONDECYT RegularANID-FONDECYT IniciaciónANID Fondecyt IniciaciónANID Fondecyt Postdoc(Sponsoring researcher)Joint Committee ESO-Government of ChileJoint Committee ESO-Government of Chile

2022A151501073212233013CMS-CSST-2021-B03CMS-CSST-2021-A081207309012202641220083112213661122034032300012021 ORP 023/20212023 ORP 062/2023

2024

10.1007/s11433-023-2332-5

中国科学:物理学 力学 天文学(英文版)
中国科学院

中国科学:物理学 力学 天文学(英文版)

CSTPCD
影响因子：0.91
ISSN：1674-7348
年,卷(期)：2024.67(5)