中国科学:物理学 力学 天文学(英文版)2024，Vol.67Issue(5) ：172-181.DOI:10.1007/s11433-023-2332-5

Driving factors behind multiple populations

Ruoyun Huang Baitian Tang Chengyuan Li Doug Geisler Mario Mateo Ying-Yi Song Holger Baumgardt Julio A.Carballo-Bello Yue Wang Jundan Nie Bruno Dias José G.Fernández-Trincado
中国科学:物理学 力学 天文学(英文版)2024，Vol.67Issue(5) ：172-181.DOI:10.1007/s11433-023-2332-5
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Driving factors behind multiple populations

Ruoyun Huang 1Baitian Tang 1Chengyuan Li 1Doug Geisler 2Mario Mateo 3Ying-Yi Song 4Holger Baumgardt 5Julio A.Carballo-Bello 6Yue Wang 7Jundan Nie 7Bruno Dias 8José G.Fernández-Trincado9
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作者信息

  • 1. School of Physics and Astronomy,Sun Yat-sen University,Zhuhai 519082,China;CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area,Zhuhai 519082,China
  • 2. Departamento de Astronomía,Universidad de Concepcion,Concepcion,Chile;Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología,Universidad de La Serena,La Serena,Chile;Departamento de Astronomía,Facultad de Ciencias,Universidad de La Serena,La Serena,Chile
  • 3. Department of Astronomy,University of Michigan,Ann Arbor 48109,USA
  • 4. David A.Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics,University of Toronto,Toronto ON M5S 3H4,Canada;Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics,University of Toronto,Toronto ON M5S 3H4,Canada
  • 5. School of Mathematics and Physics,The University of Queensland,St.Lucia QLD 4072,Australia
  • 6. Instituto de Alta Investigación,Universidad de Tarapacá,Arica,Chile
  • 7. CAS Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy,National Astronomical Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China
  • 8. Instituto de Astrofísica,Departamento de Ciencias Físicas,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas,Universidad Andres Bello,Santiago,Chile
  • 9. Instituto de Astronomía,Universidad Católica del Norte,Antofagasta,Chile
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Abstract

Star clusters were historically considered simple stellar populations,with all stars sharing the same age and initial chemical com-position.However,the presence of chemical anomalies in globular clusters(GCs),called multiple stellar populations(MPs),has challenged star formation theories in dense environments.Literature studies show that mass,metallicity,and age are likely con-trolling parameters for the manifestation of MPs.Identifying the limit between clusters with/without MPs in physical parameter space is crucial to reveal the driving mechanism behind their presence.In this study,we look for MP signals in Whiting 1,which is traditionally considered a young GC.Using the Magellan telescope,we obtained low-resolution spectra within λλ=3850-5500 Å for eight giants of Whiting 1.We measured the C and N abundances from the CN and CH spectral indices.C and N abundances have variations comparable with their measurement errors(～0.1 dex),suggesting that MPs are absent from Whiting 1.Com-bining these findings with literature studies,we propose a limit in the metallicity vs.cluster compactness index parameter space,which relatively clearly separates star clusters with/without MPs(GCs/open clusters).This limit is physically motivated.On a larger scale,the galactic environment determines cluster compactness and metallicity,leading to metal-rich,diffuse,old clusters formed ex situ.Our proposed limit also impacts our understanding of the formation of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy:star clusters formed after the first starburst(age≲ 8-10 Gyr).These clusters are simple stellar populations because the enriched galactic envi-ronment is no longer suitable for MP formation.

Key words

globular clusters/open clusters/multiple stellar populations

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基金项目

Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515010732)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(12233013)

China Manned Space Project(CMS-CSST-2021-B03)

China Manned Space Project(CMS-CSST-2021-A08)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(12073090)

Fondecyt regular(1220264)

Dirección de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Universidad de La Serena through the Programa de Incentivo a la Investigación ()

FONDECYT Regular(1220083)

ANID-FONDECYT Iniciación(11221366)

ANID Fondecyt Iniciación(11220340)

ANID Fondecyt Postdoc(Sponsoring researcher)(3230001)

Joint Committee ESO-Government of Chile(2021 ORP 023/2021)

Joint Committee ESO-Government of Chile(2023 ORP 062/2023)

出版年

2024
中国科学:物理学 力学 天文学(英文版)
中国科学院

中国科学:物理学 力学 天文学(英文版)

CSTPCD
影响因子：0.91
ISSN：1674-7348
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