Epilepsy is one of the common neurological disorders.Approximately one-third of epileptic seizures cannot be controlled by drugs and are referred to as drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE),for which surgical treatment can be selected.Due to various reasons,currently only a small proportion of DRE patients undergo surgical treatment.With the progress of minimally invasive surgery and neuromodulation technology,the surgical treatment effect of DRE has improved significantly.The minimally invasive surgeries for DRE include laser interstitial thermal therapy,radiofrequency thermocoagulation ablation,and stereotactic radiosurgery.The neuromodulation methods include vagus nerve stimulation,deep brain stimulation,and responsive neurostimulation systems.This article reviews the progress of these techniques in the treatment of DRE.
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