The Foundation and Evolution of Ting System in Northeast China during the Qing Dynasty
The sub-prefectures(Ting,厅)system in the northeast areas of the Qing Dynasty was the sig-nificant case in governing border areas.Its formative process mainly included four periods.In the founding period,the Ting system gradually founded based on the management of Tongzhi(同知)or Tongpan(通判),who managed affairs in the new settled over residential registration and land taxation on behalf of eight-banner garrisons.In the second period,the governors of Ting system were regulated to manage all the judi-cial affairs in the same area as their corresponding eight-banner officials garrisoned.In the third period,the Ting system gradually gained independence from eight-banner garrisons by further administrating fiscal af-fairs in the same area,with highly developed Tings transformed into Fu(府),Zhou(州),or Xian(县).Un-der the influence of reformations in the late Qing Dynasty,the Ting system was confirmed in accordance and extensivelyutilized in theshort term.In the last process,the Ting system in Northeast areas of the Qing Dy-nasty showed external differences with the Ting in other provinces,and internal differences among Fengtian,Jilin,and Heilongjiang.However,most of the Tings in Northeast areas of the Qing Dynasty originated from institutions taking over a certain range of responsibilities in the area of garrison entirely or partly.In conclu-sion,the foundation and evolution of Ting system established in the Northeast areas of the Qing Dynasty pre-sented a series of regional features.
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