The advantages of pyriproxyfen,a juvenile hormone mimic,for mosquito control
Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne illnesses remain one of the major public threats which is intensified by the emergence and resurgence of new and existing vector species.Mosquito control is often the only sustainable measure to combat mosquito-borne diseases due to lack or limitation in vaccinations and/or effective medications.Among mosquito control interventions,larviciding to target aquatic habitats is more cost-effective and feasible as opposite to adulticiding which focuses on air-borne adult stages.The available mosquito larvicides are at a historical low owing to numerous reasons.Currently,available larvicides are based on microbial agents,insect growth regulators(IGRs),and a few others of botanical origins.In the IGR arena,juvenile hormone mimics have drawn a lot of attention in research,development,and application.Pyriproxyfen(PPF)was first developed in the early 1970s by Sumitomo Chemical Co.Ltd.(SCC).Its great potential and safety profile to control a wide variety of arthropod pests have been recognized ever since.The current review provides general information and highlights the following advantages of PPF:unique mode of action to mimic the action of natural juvenile hormone(JH)in mosquitoes,broad target spectrum against many mosquito species,the highest bioactivity against mosquitoes as compared with all other known or potential mosquito larvicides,low risk in resistance development and lack of cross-resistance with other larvicides studied,and high activity against species in Stegomyia group.Recently,more potential uses of PPF against adult mosquitoes in bait,barrier treatment,and bed net treatment have been on the horizon.Environmental concerns about PPF residues and their metabolites are also discussed.In general,PPF is one of the critical tools in combating mosquito species of public health importance for now and the foreseeable future.
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