Investigation of target resistance kdr,ace-1 mutations in Anopheles gambiae s.l.in Togo
Objective To investigate the allelic mutations of kdr and ace-1 in Anopheles gambiae s.l.,providing a scientific basis for mosquito-borne disease prevention and control in the region.Methods Mosquitoes were collected from six villages in two malaria-prone areas,Est-mono(Ogou koulidé,Kepssi,Igbomedji)and Anié(Kolocopé,Bana,Afolé).All mosquitoes were used for DNA extraction,species identification,and genotyping of kdr and ace-1.Results An.coluzzii and An.gambiae,two closely related species within the An.gambiae complex,were identified across six collection sites,with An.gambiae being predominant,constituting approximately 96.53%of the samples.Among all mosquito samples detected,high-frequency mutations were observed at the kdr 1014 locus in the An.gambiae complex,with mutation frequencies reaching 100.0%in Ogou koulidé,Bana,and Afolé,97.5%in Kepssi and Igbomedji,and 91.1%in Kolocopé district.The allelic frequency of 1014F ranged from 85.5%to 100%.Mutation frequency of An.coluzzii 1014 locus in all three regions was 100%,with an allelic frequency of 1014F ranging from 90%to 100%,indicating a high rate of homozygosity.The kdr 1575 mutation frequency in An.gambiae ranged from 6.6%to 24.3%,with the allelic frequency of 1575Y ranging from 3.2%to 12.2%,all detected mutations were heterozygous,and no mutations were detected at the 1575 locus in An.coluzzii.Mutations at the ace-1 G119 locus were also observed in the An.gambiae complex,with mutation frequencies in An.gambiae ranging from 8.8%to 15%and the allelic frequency of 119S from 4.4%to 7.5%.In An.coluzzii,mutation frequencies ranged from 0 to 20.0%,with an allelic frequency of 119S from 0 to 10%,and all detected 119S mutations were heterozygous.Conclusions The high frequencies of the Anopheles gambiae kdr mutation observed suggest that malaria mosquito vectors in Togo may have developed a high level of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and possibly a moderate resistance to organophosphorus or carbamate insecticides.This indicates that local vector management authorities should prioritize insecticide resistance issues in future malaria vector control and resistance management planning,and conduct regular monitoring.
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