Prior studies have investigated the impact of exploitative leadership on exploited employees from the perspective of victim,while few studies have explored the impact of exploitative leadership on bystanders from the perspective of bystander.Based on the deontic justice theory,this study explores how and when witnessing exploitative behaviors of exploitative leaders to subordinates induces bystander virtual whistle-blowing from a bystander perspective.Online survey was used to collect 223 data in two waves,and the structural equation model was used to analyze the data.The results show that exploitative leadership leads to bystander virtual whistle-blowing.Deontic injustice mediates the relationship between exploitative leadership and bystander virtual whistle-blowing.Moreover,perceived caring ethical climate positively moderates the relationship between exploitative leadership and bystander deontic injustice,and enhances the indirect effect of exploitative leadership on bystander virtual whistle-blowing through deontic injustice.