Changes in nutrients in human milk beyond 1 year postpartum
To systematically review the nutrients of human milk during lactation for more than one year,in order to understand the longitudinal changes in nutrients of human milk throughout lactation to support prolonged breastfeeding.Fifteen studies published between 1970 and 2022 were searched and screened.These data were aggregated into three lactation periods:0-6 months,7-12 months,and beyond 12 months.The re-sults show that the concentration of most nutrients in human milk were the highest during the lactation period from 0 to 6 months.The concentra-tion of fat,total fatty acids,HMOs,sodium,copper,sIgA,IgG,C4,and lysozyme,as well as the antioxidant capacity in human milk from beyond 12 months of lactation were higher than those from 7 to 12 months of lactation.There were no significant differences in the concentration of iron,zinc,Vitamin C,lactoferrin and IgM in human milk beyond 12 months of lactation compared with those during lactation period from 7 to 12 months.The contents of protein,carbohydrates,calcium,magnesium,potassium,manganese and C3 were relatively decreased in human milk over 12 months of lactation.On pooling of the available evidence,the nutrients of human milk beyond 1 year postpartum is still sufficient,especially the evidence that the content of active substances in human milk stabilizes or increases during extended lactation provides an argument for prolonged breastfeeding.
human milkprolonged lactationnutrientsbioactive ingredientsimmune components
万方数据
维普
