Between Consultation and Deliberation:Two Orientations of China's Consultative Democracy and the Possibility of Their Integration
In China's consultative democracy,two orientations,namely"deliberation"and"discussion",ex-ist,and there is a distinct trend towards the"discussion"orientation.The"discussion"orientation is highly re-garded and is related to the traditional Chinese"harmony"culture and the mass line,while the"deliberation"orientation bears a Western theoretical hue,emphasizing rational decision-making,etc.,and there is tension between the two orientations.In light of this,the thesis proposes to integrate"deliberation"and"discussion"with the concept of"deliberative consultation",as"deliberative consultation"connects the extensive participa-tion of"discussion"and the rational consensus of"deliberation".Nevertheless,a more recent phenomenon or trend,namely consultative governance,poses new predicaments,increasing the challenges for the further inte-gration of the two orientations of"discussion"and"deliberation".