In practice,the relationship between disciplinary measures in Chinese higher education exhibits a dual division of internal and external relations.This is mainly manifested by categorizing some disciplinary measures in higher education as internal management actions based on the autonomy of running schools,and reducing the intensity of judicial review of disciplinary measures in higher education.Under the current legal framework,this dual division is difficult to sustain,as there are limitations in terms of difficulties in applying legal standards,lack of legal foundations,and insufficient legal remedies.The internalization trend of the relationship between disciplinary measures in higher education should not only be corrected but also has ample interpretive space at the current legislative level.It is also necessary to clarify the administrative attributes of disciplinary actions such as demerits,grade repetition,and handling applications for transferring majors in higher education through judicial interpretations,guidance cases,or future education codes,and distinguish between disciplinary measures and academic measures,and apply different legal principles and judicial review methods.
disciplinary measures in higher educationdisciplinary actionsadministrative actionsautonomous running of universities
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