The ideology of military national education emerged against the backdrop of humiliation and defeat in modern China.Cai E and Jiang Baili,early advocates of this ideology and former students in Japan,actively promoted it through the Xinmin Series Newspaper.Influenced by military national education concepts,students in Japanese began to organize military training spontaneously.Both the Qing and Beiyang governments subsequently sought to integrate military drills and other training programs into modern school education.However,after World War I,the principle of"justice over power"gained widespread acceptance among the Chinese populace,leading to a temporary decline in the popularity of military national education.It was only with the outbreak of the Jinan Massacre that this educational approach regained public attention.Thus,exploring the thought and practice of military national education under the new educational framework in the early 20th century is important.
late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of Chinamilitary national educationmilitary drillsinternational situation
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