In recent years,with the shortage of feed resources in China and the increasingly serious competition between humans and animals for food,a large amount of agricultural by-products have been widely used in ruminant diet formulation systems.In order to further improve the utilization efficiency of agricultural by-product feed resources and reduce environmental pollution,probiotic products have received widespread attention.However,in the actual application process,probiotics face a series of practical problems such as competition with the native microbial flora of the gastrointestinal tract,survival rate in the rumen,compatibility of probiotic agents,live bacterial count,addition method and stage,resulting in varying application effects.This paper focuses on probiotics function effects and mechanisms of action,addition methods and usage periods,in order to provide scientific theoretical basis and practical guidance for the use of probiotics in actual production.