O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine(O-GlcNAc)modification is a widespread post-translational modification of intracellular proteins.Unlike common types of protein glycosylation,O-GlcNAc transferase(OCT)adds a single GlcNAc unit to serine or threonine residue of proteins.Since its discovery,a large number of studies have shown that O-GlcNAcylation is widely involved in many fundamental physiological processes such as cell growth and development,gene transcription,immune response and stress response.In the immune system,O-GlcNAcylation regulates the activation,differentiation and function of immune cells through various ways.The differentiation and phenotypic maintenance of macrophages are dependent on O-GlcNAcylation,the fluctuation of glucose metabolism levels or the loss of OGT will lead to the transformation of macrophage polarization.In addition,O-GlcNAcylation regulates cytokines transcription by altering the activity of transcription factors such as NF-κB to maintain macrophage inflammation,and also affects MAVS(mitochondrial antiviral signaling)protein ubiquitination in response to pathogen infection.In other innate immune cells,the reduction of O-GlcNAcylation will affect cellular immune function to varying degrees.O-GlcNAc regulates transcription factors such as NF-κB,NFAT(nuclear factor of activated T cells)and c-Myc in T cells and B cells,affects the expression of cytokines and metabolism-related genes,and meet cell activation and proliferation by a higher level of glucose intake.The abnormal changes of O-GlcNAcylation in the immune system are closely related to the occurrence and development of chronic inflammation,tumor and other related diseases,or become a means of tumor immune escape.An in-depth understanding of the role of O-GlcNAc modification in the immune system will help to reveal the molecular mechanism of immune regulation and provide a theoretical basis for the development of novel immunotherapy strategies.
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