Respiratory tract is the most common site of pathogen infection,and is also an important place to induce protec-tive immune response.Inhaled vaccines can not only induce local production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin A(IgA)in the mucosa,but also stimulate systemic IgG antibodies and cellular immune responses in the local respiratory tract.However,due to the lack of an effective delivery system,the development of inhaled vaccines has been slow.In recent years,particle-based delivery systems have provided new ideas for the design of inhaled vaccines.The particle vaccines with the best phys-ical and chemical characteristics after rational design can not only prevent antigens from being degraded by enzymes,but also target antigen-presenting cells,thus generating a long-term and effective protective immune response.At present,the inhaled influenza vaccine Flumist has been approved to market at home and abroad.In 2022,China approved the world's first inhalation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for emergency use.In addition,a large number of inhalation vaccines have started clini-cal trials.This paper briefly reviews the research progress of inhalation vaccine delivery in recent years.
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