Pulmonary hypertension(PH)is a cardiopulmonary vascular disorder with an unclear pathogenesis characterized by progressive obliterative vasculopathy of the small pulmonary arteries,which has a high incidence and mortality rate.Most patients are diagnosed in the late stages of the disease,often presenting with right heart failure,making early detection,diagnosis,and treatment crucial for extending survival and improving the quality of life.Biomarkers play an essential role in objectively assessing the physiological and pathological processes of PH and in monitoring treatment efficacy.They are pivotal for early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of PH.This review summarizes the research progress in biomarkers for PH,covering aspects such as inflammatory markers,immune markers,transcriptional regulation,oxidative stress,metabolites,thrombotic markers,and markers of right ventricular remodeling.
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