戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus，HEV)是一种主要通过粪-口途径传播的人兽共患病病原，被认为是引起人类急性肝炎的主要原因之一。HEV可被分为8种基因型，各基因型的分布与地域和工业化水平有关，其中HEV-3与HEV-4具有人兽共患的传播能力，能造成人类和各种动物宿主的感染。除人类外，猪是HEV最常见的宿主，随着研究的深入，发现HEV的宿主呈现多样性，包括牛、羊、鹿、兔和骆驼等多种动物，且各动物宿主之间存在跨物种传播的可能。HEV的跨物种传播是在人类和动物宿主频繁交流的过程中，通过适应性进化而形成的，受到宿主细胞受体和细胞因子的特异性差异限制。HEV基因重组有利于适应宿主的新毒株出现，也可能促进新的传播途径，从而促进HEV跨物种传播。通过对HEV传播途径的研究发现，基因型不同，传播途径也有所差异，而食用携带HEV的动物产品，特别是未煮熟的动物产品是造成人类感染HEV-3和HEV-4的主要原因。此外，水源的污染、职业暴露、输血与器官移植同样是HEV的重要传播途径。针对各种潜在的传播途径，可采取相关的防控手段对HEV进行预防，包括对动物食品进行充分的加热以灭活HEV、对水源进行消毒和净化、做好职业防护和疫苗注射等。为更好地了解和掌握HEV的流行规律，各地应加强对HEV的监测，并制定相关的防控策略。笔者从HEV病原学、跨物种感染和防控技术等方面进行综述，以期促进人们对HEV跨物种传播的深入认识并为HEV的防控提供参考。
Research Progress on Cross-species Transmission and Prevention and Control Techniques of Hepatitis E Virus
Hepatitis E virus(HEV)is a zoonotic pathogen mainly transmitted by fecal-oral route and is considered to be one of the major causes of acute hepatitis in humans.HEV can be divided into 8 genotypes,and the distribution of each genotype is related to the region and level of industrialization,among which HEV-3 and HEV-4 have zoonotic transmission capacity and can cause infection in human and various animal hosts.Besides human,pig is the most common host of HEV.With the deepening of research,it is found that HEV hosts are diverse,including cattle,sheep,deer,rabbit,camel and other animals,and there is a possibility of cross-species transmission among animal hosts.The cross-species transmission of HEV is formed through adaptive evolution in the process of frequent exchanges between human and animal hosts,constrained by the specificity differences of host cell receptors and cytokines.HEV genetic recombination facilitates the emergence of new strains adapted to hosts and may also promote new transmission pathways,thereby facilitating the cross-species transmission of HEV.The study of HEV transmission routes shows that transmission routes vary according to genotype,and consumption of animal products carrying HEV,especially undercooked animal products,is the main cause of human infection with HEV-3 and HEV-4.In addition,water contamination,occupational exposure,blood transfusion and organ transplantation are also important transmission routes of HEV.According to various potential transmission routes,HEV can be prevented by relevant prevention and control measures,including adequate heating of animal food to inactivate HEV,disinfection and purification of water sources,occupational protection and vaccination.In order to better understand and grasp the epidemic law of HEV,local monitoring of HEV should be strengthened and relevant prevention and control strategies should be formulated.This paper reviewed HEV etiology,cross-species infection and prevention and control technology,in order to promote the in-depth understanding of HEV cross-species transmission and provide reference for HEV prevention and control.
Hepatitis E virus(HEV)zoonosiscross-species transmissionprevention and control technology
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