Kidney is an important organ for metabolism of trace elements in human body.In end-stage renal disease(ESRD)patients,changes in trace element levels in whole blood,serum or plasma may oc-cur due to reduced food intake,abnormal function of intestinal absorption,decreased renal excretion capacity,and metabolic alterations resulting from renal failure.Additionally,hemodialysis patients face an even greater risk of trace element deficiency or excess due to the differences in dialysis clearance and quality of dialysis water.The abnormal metabolism of trace elements is associated with risks of various complications,hospital-ization and mortality among hemodialysis patients.Therefore,the study of trace elements in hemodialysis pa-tients is of clinical importance.
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