The role and regulation mechanism of macrophage polarization in liver fibrosis and the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine
Hepatic macrophages are important immune cells in the liver and exhibit remarkable heterogeneity and plasticity.Under conditions of chronic liver injury,resident hepatic macrophages and peripheral monocytes are recruited to the site of injury,activated by various factors in the liver microenvironment,and polarized into different functional macrophage phenotypes.Recent studies have shown that liver macrophage polarization plays a key regulatory role in the progression of liver fibrosis,but the mechanism is not fully understood.In this review,we review the molecular mechanisms of Notch,transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)/Smads,Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK/STAT),and Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear transcription factor κB(NF-KB)pathways regulating macrophage polarization and involvement in liver fibrosis.Moreover,traditional Chinese medicine has positive therapeutic effects on chronic liver disease and hepatic fibrosis due to its multi-component and multi-target advantages.This paper also reviewed the mechanisms of antifibrotic effects of herbal and monomeric compounds targeting hepatic macrophage polarization in recent years,providing new insights for clinical application.
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