Sex differences in humans and non-human mammals play an important role in pain perception,response,and treatment,yet many preclinical studies have not given enough attention to gender as an important variable.Pain studies typically use only male animals,and in human studies,there are fewer pain studies that involve sex differences;And long-ingrained gender biases and cultures about women's bodies and diseases have led to the underestimation of female pain.Harmful gender biases in the field of pain,such as ignoring women's pain and expecting women to tolerate it,are intertwined with other identities and social statuses associated with marginalization,and together exacerbate inequalities in pain research and care.Female pain needs to be treated well by the whole society and clinicians..
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