Sampling,Detection and Source Analysis of Heroin in Airborne Particulate Matter
Objective:To explore the methods of sampling,pretreatment,detection and source determination of airborne drugs,heroin has been used as a typical thermal-inhaled pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs).Methods:Heroin-containing particulate matter(PM)have been generated and captured though indoor combustion of heroin-containing tobacco and lab-scale weighing to explore sampling,extraction and detection techniques for PM-containing illicit drugs.A followed exploration to find source markers of unpacking(simulated trading)and combustion-generated heroin-containing PM have been implemented.Results:Under the experimental conditions,GC-MS could be used to simultaneously detect heroin and nicotine in the extraction of smoking-induced PM.While UPLC-MS/MS technique could be applied to determine trace heroin,methamphetamine and ketamine from the extraction of in-lab PM.Conclusion:The cut-offfilter membrane sampling method can be used to collect airborne PM."Liquid phase extraction+UPLC-MS/MS(or GC-MS)detection"can be used as a pre-treatment and detection technique for airborne PM.Nicotine can be used as a marker for the source of smoking-induced heroin-containing PM.
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